LINUX FOR U !

TO MY FRIENDS N ALL WHO LOVE UNIX-LINUX-MAC :

LINUX BASIC COMMANDS
alias: Allows you to set aliases and view the current aliases.
awk: Search for a pattern within a file.
alien: Converts .tgz and rpm's to .deb format.
banner: Prints characters as a poster.
badblocks: Searches a device for bad blocks.
biff: Turns mail notification on and off.
bg: move a job running in the foreground to the background.
bzip2: Used to compress and decompress files. Similar to gzip.
cardctl: Used to control PCMCIA cards.
cfdisk: Used to partition a hard disk.
cp: Copy
chattr: Changes the attributes of a file or folder.
chroot: Change the root directory for a command.
chmod: Used to change permissions on a directory or file.
chown: Used to change the owner of a file or directory.
chgrp: Used to change the group a file belongs to.
clear: Clears the screen
cpio: Copies file.
cat: Displays the content of a file
chpasswd: Used to change a large number of passwords at once.
cd: Changes directories.
chage: Sets password aging parameters.
cal: Displays a calendar.
cron: Used to execute commands at a certain time.
crontab: Allows you to view or edit the current cron jobs.
dselect: A graphical front end for dpkg.
dpkg: Installs packages on debain distro's.
date: Prints current date to the screen
du: Lists disk usage in a directory.
df: Reports disk usage information. df -h
dmesg: Used to view the kernel boot file.
dump: Used for backing up.
edquota: Sets quotas for specific users.
env: Lists current environment variables.
fdisk: Used to create/edit/delete partitions.
fsck: Checks a file system for consistency.
fg: Used to send jobs to the background.
fuser: Checks to see what processes and users have open files.
find: Searches for a file.
free: Will show total memory, used memory, and free memory.
gcc: Used to compile C, Assembler, and Preprocessed C source.
gpasswd: Used to set a password for a group.
grep: Used to search through a file for a specified pattern.
getty: Set terminal type, modes, speed, and line discipline
groupadd: Create new group account.
groupdel: Deletes a group.
groupmod: Used to modify a group.
groups: Shows what groups a user is part of.
gunzip: Uncompress files compressed by gzip.
head: Displays the first 10 lines of a file to the screen.
hdparm: Gets disk information.
history: Lists recently executed commands.
host: Used to get DNS info.
htpasswd: Allows you to set usernames and passwords for your
websever.
id: Display information about yourself or another user.
insmod: Installs modules.
init: Used to change run levels.
isapnp: Sets up ISA cards.
icmpinfo: Intercept and interpret ICMP packets
jobs: Used to show jobs running in the background.
join: Join lines of two sorted.
kill: Used to kill a process.
killall: Kill processes by command name.
kernelcfg: A graphical application configures Linux.
klogd: Control which kernel messages.
linuxconf: A command line GUI which lets you configure your linux
lpc: Used to control a line printer.
lpq: View the print spool queue.
lpr: Send files to the printer spool queue.
ls: Displays a directories contents.
ln: Used to create hard and symbolic links.
less: Display the contents of a file
locate: Search for a file or directory.
ldd: Shows what shared libraries a program is dependent on.
ldconfig: Used to configure/view shared libraries.
last: Lists logins and reboots.
lastlog: Print the last login times for system accounts.
lsmod: Lists loaded modules.
lsattr: Lists the attributes for a file or folder.
logrotate: Used to manipulate log files.
mount: Used by itself, reports the currently mounted files.
modinfo: Give info about the module.
modprobe: Queries modules.
man: Displays the Man page for a given command.
mesg: Used to allow/not allow 'write'.
manpath: Attempts to determine the path to a man page.
mail: Used to send and receive mail.
mkdir: Make directory
mke2fs: Used to format a partition with the Ext2 file system.
mv: Move/Rename
merge: Merge multiple files together.
more: Lets you page through text one screen full at a time.
minicom: Great utility for troublshooting a modem.
mkbootdisk: Used to make a boot disk.
ntsysv: Used to select what services should automatically start.
nice: Used to set process priorities.
nslookup: Used to get DNS info from name servers.
netstat: Shows active sockets.
ps: Displays current processes
ping: Used to test connectivity between two hosts.
pwd: Present Working Directory
pwconv: Used to set up the /etc/shadow file.
pnpdump: Determines settings for existing ISA cards.
quota: Allows users to view their own disk quotas.
quotaon: Turns on disk quotas for the system.
quotaoff: Turns off disk quotas for the system.
repquota: Provides reports of disk usage for various users.
rmmod: Removes modules.
rm: Remove
rmdir: Remove directory
rpm: (RedHat flavors only)Used to install RPM's
rpcinfo: Used to see what rpc services are available.
route: Used to view/change routes between you and other hosts.
smbclient: Used to connect to Windows shares or Samba.
smbadduser: Maps linux user names to Windows NT user names.
smbpasswd: Used to update the smbpasswd file with new accounts.
set: Used to read and write variables.
setquota: Used to set disk quotas.
sort: Sorts lines in a file by alphabetical order.
sndconfig: Used to probe and configure a sound card.
su: Change to Super User (root).
spell: Checks for spelling errors in a file.
startx: Start the X Server (GUI)
shutdown: Shutdown machine
suspend: Places a shell in the background.
showmount: Shows mount information for an NFS server.
swapon: Turns on the swapfile.
swapoff: Turns off the swapfile.
testparm: Used to troubleshoot Samba.
tar: Used to compress multiple files.
timeconfig: Used to set the timezone on your machine.
tac: View a file from the last line up.
touch: Creates an empty file.
tail: Displays the last 10 lines of a file to the screen.
talk: Used to chat with another user on the same machine.
tr: Converts one set of characters to another.
traceroute: Used to track the path a packet takes to a host.
top: Shows information about the most CPU-intensive Apps.
useradd: Add a user.
usermod: Modify a user.
userdel: Delete a user.
umount: Removes a device from the filesystem.
updatedb: Updates the locate database.
uname: Determines OS name, version and machine name.
vmstat: Lists information on memory usage.
vi: A text editor
whereis: Finds documentation files.
who: Tells you who is logged into your server.
whoami: Tells you your user information.
wc: Print the number of bytes, words, and lines in files
which: Finds the full path for a command.
write: Used to send a message to another user.
whois: Used to query servers for info on.
wall: Writes a message to all logged in users.
xman: Graphical interface for man pages.
xf86config: Used to configure X.
zcat: Read files that have been compressed with gzip.

An A-Z Index of the Linux BASH command line
alias Create an alias
apropos Search Help manual pages (man -k)
awk Find and Replace text, database sort/validate/index

break Exit from a loop
builtin Run a shell builtin
bzip2 Compress or decompress named file(s)

cal Display a calendar
case Conditionally perform a command
cat Display the contents of a file
cd Change Directory
cfdisk Partition table manipulator for Linux
chgrp Change group ownership
chmod Change access permissions
chown Change file owner and group
chroot Run a command with a different root directory
cksum Print CRC checksum and byte counts
clear Clear terminal screen
cmp Compare two files
comm Compare two sorted files line by line
command Run a command - ignoring shell functions
continue Resume the next iteration of a loop
cp Copy one or more files to another location
cron Daemon to execute scheduled commands
crontab Schedule a command to run at a later time
csplit Split a file into context-determined pieces
cut Divide a file into several parts

date Display or change the date & time
dc Desk Calculator
dd Data Dump - Convert and copy a file
declare Declare variables and give them attributes
df Display free disk space
diff Display the differences between two files
diff3 Show differences among three files
dig DNS lookup
dir Briefly list directory contents
dircolors Colour setup for `ls'
dirname Convert a full pathname to just a path
dirs Display list of remembered directories
du Estimate file space usage



echo Display message on screen
egrep Search file(s) for lines that match an extended expression
eject Eject removable media
enable Enable and disable builtin shell commands
env Environment variables
ethtool Ethernet card settings
eval Evaluate several commands/arguments
exec Execute a command
exit Exit the shell
expand Convert tabs to spaces
export Set an environment variable
expr Evaluate expressions

false Do nothing, unsuccessfully
fdformat Low-level format a floppy disk
fdisk Partition table manipulator for Linux
fgrep Search file(s) for lines that match a fixed string
file Determine file type
find Search for files that meet a desired criteria
fmt Reformat paragraph text
fold Wrap text to fit a specified width.
for Expand words, and execute commands
format Format disks or tapes
free Display memory usage
fsck File system consistency check and repair
ftp File Transfer Protocol
function Define Function Macros

gawk Find and Replace text within file(s)
getopts Parse positional parameters
grep Search file(s) for lines that match a given pattern
groups Print group names a user is in
gzip Compress or decompress named file(s)

hash Remember the full pathname of a name argument
head Output the first part of file(s)
history Command History
hostname Print or set system name

id Print user and group id's
if Conditionally perform a command
ifconfig Configure a network interface
import Capture an X server screen and save the image to file
install Copy files and set attributes

join Join lines on a common field

kill Stop a process from running

less Display output one screen at a time
let Perform arithmetic on shell variables
ln Make links between files
local Create variables
locate Find files
logname Print current login name
logout Exit a login shell
look Display lines beginning with a given string
lpc Line printer control program
lpr Off line print
lprint Print a file
lprintd Abort a print job
lprintq List the print queue
lprm Remove jobs from the print queue
ls List information about file(s)
lsof List open files

make Recompile a group of programs
man Help manual
mkdir Create new folder(s)
mkfifo Make FIFOs (named pipes)
mkisofs Create an hybrid ISO9660/JOLIET/HFS filesystem
mknod Make block or character special files
more Display output one screen at a time
mount Mount a file system
mtools Manipulate MS-DOS files
mv Move or rename files or directories

netstat Networking information
nice Set the priority of a command or job
nl Number lines and write files
nohup Run a command immune to hangups
nslookup Query Internet name servers interactively

passwd Modify a user password
paste Merge lines of files
pathchk Check file name portability
ping Test a network connection
popd Restore the previous value of the current directory
pr Prepare files for printing
printcap Printer capability database
printenv Print environment variables
printf Format and print data
ps Process status
pushd Save and then change the current directory
pwd Print Working Directory

quota Display disk usage and limits
quotacheck Scan a file system for disk usage
quotactl Set disk quotas

ram ram disk device
rcp Copy files between two machines.
read read a line from standard input
readonly Mark variables/functions as readonly
remsync Synchronize remote files via email
return Exit a shell function
rm Remove files
rmdir Remove folder(s)
rsync Remote file copy (Synchronize file trees)

screen Terminal window manager
scp Secure copy (remote file copy)
sdiff Merge two files interactively
sed Stream Editor
select Accept keyboard input
seq Print numeric sequences
set Manipulate shell variables and functions
sftp Secure File Transfer Program
shift Shift positional parameters
shopt Shell Options
shutdown Shutdown or restart linux
sleep Delay for a specified time
sort Sort text files
source Run commands from a file `.'
split Split a file into fixed-size pieces
ssh Secure Shell client (remote login program)
strace Trace system calls and signals
su Substitute user identity
sum Print a checksum for a file
symlink Make a new name for a file
sync Synchronize data on disk with memory

tail Output the last part of files
tar Tape ARchiver
tee Redirect output to multiple files
test Evaluate a conditional expression
time Measure Program running time
times User and system times
touch Change file timestamps
top List processes running on the system
traceroute Trace Route to Host
trap Run a command when a signal is set(bourne)
tr Translate, squeeze, and/or delete characters
true Do nothing, successfully
tsort Topological sort
tty Print filename of terminal on stdin
type Describe a command

ulimit Limit user resources
umask Users file creation mask
umount Unmount a device
unalias Remove an alias
uname Print system information
unexpand Convert spaces to tabs
uniq Uniquify files
units Convert units from one scale to another
unset Remove variable or function names
unshar Unpack shell archive scripts
until Execute commands (until error)
useradd Create new user account
usermod Modify user account
users List users currently logged in
uuencode Encode a binary file
uudecode Decode a file created by uuencode

v Verbosely list directory contents (`ls -l -b')
vdir Verbosely list directory contents (`ls -l -b')
vi Text Editor

watch Execute/display a program periodically
wc Print byte, word, and line counts
whereis Report all known instances of a command
which Locate a program file in the user's path.
while Execute commands
who Print all usernames currently logged in
whoami Print the current user id and name (`id -un')
Wget Retrieve web pages or files via HTTP, HTTPS or FTP

xargs Execute utility, passing constructed argument list(s)
yes Print a string until interrupted

An A-Z Index of the Apple OS X command line
The tcsh command shell of Darwin (the open source core of OSX)
alias Create an alias
alloc List used and free memory
awk Find and Replace text within file(s)

basename Convert a full pathname to just a folder path
bash Bourne-Again SHell (Linux)
bless Set volume bootability and startup disk options.
break Exit from a loop

cal Display a calendar
case Conditionally perform a command
cat Display the contents of a file
cd Change Directory
chflags Change a file or folder's flags.
chgrp Change group ownership
chmod Change access permissions
chown Change file owner and group
chroot Run a command with a different root directory
cksum Print CRC checksum and byte counts
clear Clear terminal screen
cmp Compare two files
comm Compare two sorted files line by line
complete Edit a command completion [word/pattern/list]
continue Resume the next iteration of a loop
cp Copy one or more files to another location
cron Daemon to execute scheduled commands
crontab Schedule a command to run at a later date/time
cut Divide a file into several parts

date Display or change the date & time
dc Desk Calculator
dd Data Dump - Convert and copy a file
df Display free disk space
diff Display the differences between two files
diff3 Show differences among three files
dig DNS lookup
dirname Convert a full pathname to just a path
dirs Display list of remembered directories
diskutil Disk utilities - Format, Verify, Repair
ditto Copy files and folders
dscl Directory Service command line utility
du Estimate file space usage

echo Display message on screen
ed A line-oriented text editor (edlin)
enable Stop or start printers and classes.
env Set environment and run a utility
eval Evaluate several commands/arguments
exec Execute a command
exit Exit the shell
expect Programmed dialogue with interactive programs
Also see AppleScript
expand Convert tabs to spaces
expr Evaluate expressions

false Do nothing, unsuccessfully
fdisk Partition table manipulator for Darwin UFS/HFS/DOS
find Search for files that meet a desired criteria
fmt Reformat paragraph text
fold Wrap text to fit a specified width
for Expand words, and execute commands
foreach Loop, expand words, and execute commands
fsck Filesystem consistency check and repair
fs_usage Filesystem usage (process/pathname)
ftp Internet file transfer program

GetFileInfo Get attributes of HFS+ files
getopt Parse positional parameters
goto Jump to label and continue execution
grep Search file(s) for lines that match a given pattern
groups Print group names a user is in
gzip Compress or decompress files

head Display the first lines of a file
hdiutil Manipulate iso disk images
history Command History
hostname Print or set system name

id Print user and group names/id's
if Conditionally perform a command
info Help info
install Copy files and set attributes

jobs List active jobs
join Join lines on a common field

kill Stop a process from running

l List files in long format (ls -l)
ll List files in long format, showing invisible files (ls -la)
less Display output one screen at a time
ln Make links between files (hard links, symbolic links)
locate Find files
logname Print current login name
login log into the computer
logout Exit a login shell (bye)
lpr Print files
lprm Remove jobs from the print queue
lpstat Printer status information
ls List information about file(s)
lsbom List a bill of materials file
lsof List open files

man Help manual
mkdir Create new folder(s)
mkfifo Make FIFOs (named pipes)
more Display output one screen at a time
mount Mount a file system
mv Move or rename files or directories

net Manage network resources
nice Set the priority of a command
nohup Run a command immune to hangups

onintr Control the action of a shell interrupt
open Open a file/folder/URL/Application
osascript Execute AppleScript

passwd Modify a user password
paste Merge lines of files
pbcopy Copy data to the clipboard
pbpaste Paste data from the Clipboard
pico Simple text editor
ping Test a network connection
pmset Power Management settings
popd Restore the previous value of the current directory
pr Convert text files for printing
printenv Print environment variables
printf Format and print data
ps Process status
pushd Save and then change the current directory
pwd Print Working Directory

quota Display disk usage and limits

rcp Copy files between machines.
repeat Execute a command multiple times
rm Remove files
rmdir Remove folder(s)
rpm Remote Package Manager
rsync Remote file copy - Sync file tree (also RsyncX)

say Convert text to audible speech
sched Schedule a command to run at a later time.
screencapture Capture screen image to file or disk
sdiff Merge two files interactively
security Administer Keychains, keys, certificates and the Security framework
sed Stream Editor
set Set a shell variable = value
setenv Set an environment variable = value
setfile Set attributes of HFS+ files
shift Shift positional parameters
shutdown Shutdown or restart OS X
sleep Delay for a specified time
softwareupdate System software update tool
sort Sort text files
split Split a file into fixed-size pieces
stop Stop a job or process
su Substitute user identity
sudo Execute a command as another user
sum Print a checksum for a file
switch Conditionally perform a command

tail Output the last part of files
tar Tape ARchiver
tee Redirect output to multiple files
test Condition evaluation
time Measure Program Resource Use
touch Change file timestamps
traceroute Trace Route to Host
tr Translate, squeeze, and/or delete characters
true Do nothing, successfully
tty Print filename of terminal on stdin
type Describe a command

umask Users file creation mask
umount a device
unalias Remove an alias
uname Print system information
unexpand Convert spaces to tabs
uniq Uniquify files
units Convert units from one scale to another
unset Remove variable or function names
unsetenv Remove environment variable
users Print login names of users currently logged in
uuencode Encode a binary file
uudecode Decode a file created by uuencode

vi Text Editor

wc Print byte, word, and line counts
where Report all known instances of a command
which Locate a program file in the user's path
while Execute commands
who Print all usernames currently logged on
whoami Print the current user id and name (`id -un')

xargs Execute utility - passing arguments
yes Print a string until interrupted